f,dalfha isÿ jQ mqÿu iy.; wyïnhka 12

1 •

wekS fmßIa ^Anne Parrish& hkq weußldkq cd;sl m%isoaO f,aÅldjls' weh 1920 oYlfha m%xYfha l, ixpdrhla w;r;=r meÍisfha§ mrK fmd;a idmamqjlg f.dv jeÿfka wehg wjYH fmd;a lSmhla ñ,§ .ekSughs' fmd;a rdlal w;r weúo hdfï§ weh ÿgqfõ weh l=vd l, b;d wdYdfjka lshejQ Jack Frost and Other Stories kï fmd;hs' fmd; ñ,§ .;a wekS fmßIa ksjig .sh miq fmd; ieñhdg fmkajd weh l=vd l, fuu fmd;g ;Èka weÆï l, nj mejiqjdh' fmd; w;g .;a ieñhd fmdf;a uq,a msgqj fmr¨ w;r tys igyka ù ;snqfka
“Anne Parrish" 209 N' Weber Street" Colorado Springs” hkakhs
weh jir .Kkdjlg miq meÍisfha§ ñ,§ f.k ;snqfka l=vd l, wehf.au fmd;hs'

2 •

1858§ frdnÜ *e,ka ^Robert Fallon& keu;a;d fmdal¾ l%Svdfõ fh§ isáh§ Tyqg fjä ;nd urd oeuqfõ Tyq;a iu. tlg l%Svdfõ fh§ isá i.fhl= jk w;r ta Tyq jxpd lr fvd,¾ 600la ch.%ykh l,d hehs we;s jQ ielhla ksidh' ñh .sh *e,ka ksid ysia jQ wdikhg Tjqka wÆ;a l%Svlfhl= fiõfõ l%Svdj È.gu lrf.k hdughs' *e,ka ñh.sh ksid Tyqf.a fvd,¾ 600 Ndú;d lsÍug Tjqka wlue;s úh' wjidkfha Tjqka *e,kaf.ka ysia jQ wiqk ioyd kj l%Svlfhl= fidhd .;a w;r Tyqg *e,ka w; ;snQ fvd,¾ 600 ,nd ÿks'

*e,kaf.a ñkSuereu ms,snoj fidhd ne,Su ioyd fmd,Sisfhka meñfkk úg kj l%Svlhd *e,ka f.a fvd,¾ 600 ka fvd,¾ 2200la Wmhdf.k ;snqks' fmd,Sish Tjqkaf.ka *e,kaf.a fvd,¾ 600 b,a,d isáfha th *e,kaf.a Wreulalrejdg ,nd §ughs' kuq;a miqj fy,s Wfka *e,kaf.a ;ek .;a kj l%Svlhd *e,kaf.au mq;d njhs' Tyq ishd mshd jir 7lska oel ;snqfka ke;'

3 •

jir 2002§ mska,ka;fha§ 70 yeúßÈ ksjqka fidfydhqrka fofofkl= tlu Èk mehla we;=,; ñh .sfha tlu ud¾.fha ia:dk foll§ ßh wk;=re j,g ,la ùfuks'

4 •

19jk Y; j¾Yfh§ úiQ iqm%isoaO f,aLl tâ.d¾ we,ka fmda ^Edgar Allan Poe& The narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym kï fmd;la rpkd lf,ah' bka lshefjkafka ;uka .uka .;a kej úkdY ùfuka miq fndaÜgqjl ke.S Ôú;h fírd .kakd kdúlhka 4fofkla .ekhs" Èk .kkdjlg miq wdydr ys. jQ ksid Tjqka Tjqka w;r isá ßpâ mdl¾ ^Richard Parker& kï jQ leìka fldÆjdj urd wdydrhg .kS'
jir .Kkdjlg miq 1884 § Mignonette keu;s kej wk;=rlg ,la jQ w;r thska Èú fírd .ekSug iu;a jQfõ;a keúhka 4fofkl= muks' fndaÜgqfõ Èk .Kkdjla .; lsÍfuka miq Tjqka w;ßka jeäuy,a 3fokd Tjqka iu. jQ leìka fldÆjdj urd wdydrhg .;a w;r leìka fldÆjdf.a ku jQfha ßpâ mdlrehs ^Richard Parker&'

5 •

b;d,sfha fudkaid ^Monza& k.rfha§ b;d,s rc flfkl= jQ wïn¾fgda 1^Umberto I& wjkay,lg f.dv jeÿfka rd;%S wdydrh ,nd .ekSu ioydhs' wjkayf,a ysñlre rcqf.a lEu wekjqu ,nd .ekSu ioyd meñks úg rcq;a Tyq iu. meñks msßjr;a wjkayf,a ysñlre;a tys isá ishÆu fokd;a úYaufhka .,a .eyqfka rcq iy wjkayf,a ysñlref.a iudk;djh oelSfukqhs'
Tjqka fofokdu ksjqka fidfydhqrka fuka Èia úh' miqj Túka fofokd l;d lsÍfï§ fmkS .sfha Tjqka fofokdf.a Ôú; úYd, jYfhka iudk njhs' tkï"
1' Tjqka fofokdf.au Wmka Èk tlu jif¾ tlu Èkfhah ^1844 ud¾;= 14&'
2' Tjqka fofokdu Wm; ,nd we;af;a tlu k.rfhahs'
3' Tjqka fofokdu újdy ù we;af;a tlu ku we;s ldka;djka iu.hs ^ud.Ígd&'
4' wjky,a ysñhd wjkay, wdrïN lr we;af;a m,uq jk wïn¾fgda rcq b;d,sfha rc jQ Èkuhs'
1900 cQ,s 29jkod wïn¾fgda rcqg meñks wdrxÑhlska lsh jqfka wjkay,a ysñhdj tÈk WoEik urd oud we;s njhs" ñka rcq fnfyúka lïmd jQ kuq;a tÈku iji wïn¾fgda rcqj;a ;=jlal=lrefjl= úiska fjä ;nd >d;kh lrk ,§'

6 •

1930 oYlfha§ fvfg%dhsÜ k.rfha§ fcdaima *s.af,dla ^Joseph Figlock& keue;a;d ;reK wmßla‍IdldÍ ujlf.a Ôú;fha b;d jeo.;a ;eke;af;la njg m;a úh' Èkla *s.af,dla mdf¾ .uka lrñka isáh§ l,ska ioyka l, ;reK ujf.a ì,sod by, uy,l cfka,fhka my,g jegqkq w;r ì,sod jegqfka *s.af,dla u;g ksid ì,sodf.a Èú fíreks'
ì,sodg;a *s.af,dlag;a ydkshla fkdjqks' jirlg miq *s.af,dla tu mdf¾ .uka lrñka isáh§ l,ska ì,sodu l,ska cfka,fhkau *s.af,dla u;g jegqkq w;r fujro Tjqka fofokdgu ydkshla fkdjqks'

7 •

fykaß is.a,Ekaâ ^Henry Ziegland& 1883§ Tyqf.a fmïj;sh iu. jQ ino;djh kj;ajk ,§' fï ÿl ord.; fkdyels jQ weh ishÈú kid .;a;dh' fï ksid fykaß iu. Wrk jQ wef.a ifydaorhd fykaßj urd oeóug Tyqg fykaßf.a ksjfia § Tyqg fjä ;sífíh' kuq;a fykaßf.a fkdjeÿk WKavh wi, ;snQ .il je§ tys ysr jqks' ;ud jdikdjka; mqoa.,fhl= nj fykaßf.a woyi úh'
jir .Kkdjlg miq .i lmd oeóug fykaßg wjYH jQ kuq;a b;d úYd, .i lmd oeóu wmyiq jQ ksid vhskuhsÜ fhdod th msmsrùug Tyq woyia lf,ah' vhskuhsÜ fhdod .i msmsrjQ w;r .fia isr ù ;snQ WKavh meñk fykaßf.a ysfia jeÿk w;r Tyq tu ia:dkfhau ñh .sfhah'

8 •

fkdauka fï,¾ ^Norman Mailer& keue;s f,aLlhd Barbary Shore kï Tyqf.a kjl;dj rpkd lsÍug wdrïN lrk úg tys pß;hla jYfhka reishdkq ryia T;a;=lrefjl= we;=,a lsÍfï lsisÿ woyila Tyqg ;snqfka ke;' kuq;a kjl;dj ,shdf.k hdfï§ Tyq tys iqÆ pß;hla f,i reishdkq ryia T;a;=lrefjl= yÿkajd fok ,§'
kjl;dj È.gu ,shdf.k hdfï§ reishdkq ryia T;a;=lrejd kjl;dfõ m%Odk pß;hla njg m;a úh' kjl;dj ,shd wjika lr ál Èklska fkdauka fï,¾ Ôj;a jQ ;Ügq ksjdifhau by, ;Ügqfõ Ôj;a jQ reishdkq ñksfil= wdrla‍Il wxY úiska w;awvx.=jg .;a w;r miqj fy,s jQfha Tyq weußldfõ úiQ by, fmf,a reishdkq T;a;=lrefjl= njhs'

9 •

udla Üfõka ^Mark Twain& keu;s m%isoaO f,aLlhd Wm; ,enqfõ 1835 jif¾ ye,Sf.a j,a.d ;rej o¾Ykh jk úg Wm; ,enQ w;r Tyq ñh .sfha 1910 jif¾ ye,Sf.a j,a.d ;rej o¾Ykh jk úghs' 1909§ Tyq fufia mejiSh “uu fï f,daflg wdfõ 1835 ye,Sf.a j,a.d ;rej;a iu.hs" th B,. jif¾ kej;;a tkjd" uu th;a iu. h,s;a fuf,dúka hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd”

10 •

1950 oYlh w. Nd.fha rdcldÍ .ukl fhfok w;r;=r fcdaÊ' ã' n%hsika^George D' Bryson & keu;s mqoa.,hd flkaglsys n%jqka keu;s fydag,hl kjd;eka .;af;ah'
;u ldurh jQ wxl 307 ldurhg meñk uo fõ,djlska fydag,fha fiajlfhl= meñk Tyqg meñks ,shqula Ndr ÿkafkah" ,shqï ljrh u; fcdaÊ' ã' n%hsika" ldur wxl 307 hkqfjka igykla úh' ñka fcdaÊ' ã' n%hsika úYauhg m;a jQfha Tyq fuu fydag,fha wxl 307 ldurfha kjd;eka f.k we;s nj okakd lsisfjl= fkdue;s ksidhs' kuq;a uola fidhd ne,Sfï§ fmkS .sfha Tyqg fmr wxl 307 ldurfha kjd;eka f.k isáfha;a fcdaÊ' ã' n%hsika keu;s mqoa.,fhl= njh'

11 •

1953 § rEmjdyskS jd¾;dlrefjl= jQ Irv Kupcinet keue;a;d ,kavkhg meñksfha fojk t,sifn;a l=ußhf.a Tgqkq me,§fï W;aijhghs' Tyq ,kavka kqjr kjd;eka .;af;a Savoy keu;s fydag,fha jQ w;r ;u ldurfha tla ,dÉpqjl ;sî Tyqg yuq jQfha yeÍ yekska ^Harry Hannin& kï mqoa.,fhl=g wh;a NdKav lsysmhls' wyUq f,i fuu yeÍ yekska keu;s m%isoaO ndialÜ fnda,a l%Svlhdf.a ñ;%fhls'
kuq;a l;dj t;kska wjika fkdfõ Èk follg miq fï ms,snoj yeÍ yekskag mejiSug fmr Tyqg yeÍ yekskaf.ka ,smshla ,enqks' tys ioyka jQfha meßia kqjr Meurice keu;s fydag,fha yeÍ yekska kej;S isá ldurfha jQ ,dÉpqjla ;=, ;sî Tyqg Kupcinetg whs;s ghs máhla iïN jQ njh'

12 •

uhsl,a äla ^Michael Dick& jir 10lg fmr ke;s jQ Tyqf.a ÈhKsh ,Sid fidhd .ekSug oeä fjfyila .;a w;r wjidkfha Tyq mqj;a m;a j,ska fï ioyd iydh b,a,d isáfhah' fï ioyd uhsl,a älaf.a mjqf,a PdhdrEmhla /f.k mqj;am;a j,ska m%isoaO l, w;r tu PdhdrEmh ÿgq ,Sid kej; uhsl,a äla mjq, iu. tla úh' miqj fmkS .sfha mqj;am;a j,g ksl=;a lsÍu ioyd uhsl,a äla mjq, PdhdrEmh .kakd úg miq ìfï Tjqkaf.a ke;s jQ ÈhKsh ,Sido isák njhs

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