fn!oaO fldäfha b;sydih

rdcH j¾I 1885 wfma%,a ui 28 Èk ,la b;sydifha ft;sydisl Èkhla njg m;a ùug tla fya;=jla jQfha" f,dal fn!oaO b;sydifha m%:u j;djg Iâ j¾Kfhka hq;a fn!oaO fldähla tiùu ksid h' wêrdcHjd§kaf.a kdkdúO ;dvkmSvkhkag iïnqoaO Ydikh;a" fn!oaO ixialD;sh;a" fn!oaO Ñka;kh;a" iuia; rg;a wkqfõokSh;ajhg m;a jQ nj wuq;=fjka meyeÈ,s l< hq;af;a fkdfõ' fujeks ;;a;ajhkag m;a jQ iEu wjia:djl u Nsla‍IQka jykafiaf.a wl,xl mrudo¾YS kdhl;ajh iuia; iudcfha u iuqkak;shg fya;= jQ nj iqm%lg i;Hhls' tawkqj
n,k úg fn!oaO b;sydifha;a ,dxflah b;sydifha;a iodkqiaurŒh wjia:d mßydkSh hq.hka ys § ìys ùu úfYaI ,la‍IKhla jYfhka o fmkajd Èh yels h'

ixfla;d;aul ikaksfõokfha udOHhla jYfhka ÿrd;S;fha isg u Ndú;d l< fldäfha mrud¾: w;sYh mq¿,a mrdYhl fhfoa' ta ms<sn| újrKhla imhk isxy, úYaj fldaIfha ‘ck fldÜGdihla" ixúOdkhla" wd.ula" úfYaI ch.%ykhla fyda fYdald;aul wjia:djla ms<sìUq lsÍug o ftYap¾hh" fi!Nd.H" wdrla‍Idj wNsfhda.h" wjk; Ndjh" wNsudkh" f.!rjh" mla‍Imd;S;ajh yd wfmala‍Id hk úúOd¾: m%ldY lsÍu ms‚i fldäh fyj;a èjch Ndú;d flf¾'’ hkqfjka wka;¾.;h' ta wkqj fn!oaO fldäh ìys jQfha nqÿ oyu" fn!oaO iudch" fndÿ yeÈhdj" fn!oaO;ajh fldákau fn!oaO ixialD;sfha wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lsÍu ms‚ihs'

flda,dy,hla

fn!oaO èjch ìys ùug idOl jQ b;sydifha miqìï o fláfhka fyda úuiSu o jeo.;a fõ' ta flfia o@ h;a" fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;drdu úydria:dkfha fka;%m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍfï mskalula 1883 ud¾;= 25 Èk isÿ lsÍug ixúOdkh lr ;snq‚' mdkÿrdjdoh ch .ekSu;a iuÕ meje;aùug kshñ; tu mskalu i|yd fnd/,af,a isg §mÿ;a;drduhg fmryrla meñŒug fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñfhda ixúOdkh l<y' fmryr meje;aùu ms<sn| hï hï ¥Iudk wdrxÑ me;sr f.dia ;snQ neúka l%sia;shdks fmd,sia ks,OdÍka úiska ta ms<sn| mQ¾j mÍla‍IKhla isÿ fldg fmryr meje;aùug wjir fok ,§'

rd;%S 1'30 g muK fnd/,af,ka msg;a jQ tu fmryr fldgfyakg <Õd jk úg m,a,sj, iSkq kdo lrkjd;a iuÕ wú wdhqO /.;a úYd, uer msßia fldgfyafka Ydka; ¨‍ishd foõ ueÿr wi,g <Õd jQy' fmryf¾ .uka .;a ksrdhqO wysxil fndÿ Wjiq Wjeishkag odußlhka úiska myr fok ,§' tu wjia:dfõ § fn!oaOfhl= ñh .sh w;r ;sia fofkla muK nrm;, ;=jd, ,en frday,a .; l<y' miqj fï isoaêh ms<sn| fn!oaOhkaf.a n,j;a b,a,Su mßÈ fldñIka iNdjla m;a fldg mÍla‍IKhla l< kuq;a je/Èlrejka wêlrKhg bÈßm;a lsÍug fyda o~qjï §ug fyda mshjr fkd.;a w;r ñka miq fn!oaO fmryr meje;aùu imqrd ;ykï lrk ,§'

fn!oaOdrla‍Il iNdjla

ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a yqÿ fn!oaO ck;djg uqyqK mdkakg jk fujeks fYdapkSh ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| idlÉPd fldg ;SrKhlg t<öu ms‚i yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., kdysñfhda" m%Odk fmf<a fn!oaO kdhlhka lsysm fofkl= fld<U - urodfka ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjKg le|jQy' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1884 ckjdß 28 È —fn!oaOdrla‍Il lñgqj— kñka kj ixúOdkhla ìys úh' 1940 § m< jQ mru ú{dkd¾: ix.ufha jc% chka;s iure l,dmfha fn!oaOdrla‍Il iNdfõ iudrïNl /iaùfï jd¾;dfjka Wmqgd .;a my; fþofhka tu ixúOdkh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,efí' tkï"

—fn!oaOhkag;a Tjqkaf.a wd.ug iy foafmd,j,g;a miq.sh mdial= bßod wd.ñl flda,dy,fha § isÿ jQ w,dN ydksj,g jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a kS;Hdkql+, yd idOdrK fn!oaO whs;sjdislï jßka jr Èkd .ekSug iy jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug fn!oaOdrla‍Il lñgqj kñka ixúOdkhla msysgqùug;a" my; kï i|yka uy;=ka tys idudðlhka jYfhka m;a lsÍug;a" idudðl;ajh mq¿,a lsÍfï n,h o tu lñgqjg mejeÍug;a ;SrKh úh' ú,shï o wdfn%õ" fodka lfrda,sia" uqykaÈrï fodka fâúâ wNhr;ak" fÊ'mS' ch;s,l" fÊ'wd¾'o' is,ajd" ihsuka fmf¾rd" O¾u .=Kj¾OkwdrÉÑ" î'tÉ' l=f¾' fiaÈßia is,ajd" wd¾'ta' ñ/kafvda" kS;S{ pd¾,ia wef,ia iekav¾ o is,ajd" iS'mS' .=Kj¾Ok hk wh wdrïNl lñgq idudðlfhda jQy'˜

tjlg uÿrdisfha isá fykaß iaà,a T,alÜ uy;d fuu lñgqjg we;=<;a lr .ekSug;a" lñgqfõ ksfhdað;hd f,i Tyq tx.,ka;hg heùug;a yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ fodka lfrda,sia fyajdú;drK tÉ'ta' m%kdkaÿ hk uy;ajrekaf.a fhdackd iaÓr;ajfhka ;SrKh úh' ta wkqj ;;a iNdfõ b,a,Su mßÈ uÿrdisfha isg ´,alÜ uy;d 1884 ckjdß 27 Èk ,xldjg meñK Bg miq Èk meje;a jQ lñgq /iaùug iyNd.S úh' tys § fn!oaOdrla‍Il iNdfõ m%Odk iNdm;s jYfhka ta'mS' O¾u .=Kj¾Ok uqykaÈrï uy;d o" iS'mS' .=Kj¾Ok uy;d f,alï jYfhka o" tÉ' ta' m%kdkaÿ uy;d NdKavd.dßl jYfhka o iïu; jQy'

isxy, fn!oaOhkag isÿjk widOdrKlï yd ;dvk mSvk iïnkaOfhka .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<sn| fuu lñgqj úiska ilia lrk ,o ixfoaYhla" 1884 uehs 17 Èk ´,alÜ;=ud w;r hg;a úð; Ndr uyf,alï v¾í idñ fj; hjk ,§' tu ixfoaYfhys my; i|yka lreKq ih m%Odkfldg m%Yak úi|d .ekSu ms‚i bÈßm;a lr we;'

1' fldgfyafka l,flda,dy,hg iïnkaO jQjka wêlrKh fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu' 2' wd.u ms<sn| Wfmala‍Idjd§ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu fyda isxy, fn!oaOhskg ;ukaf.a wd.ñl whs;sjdislï yd jrm%ido iy;sl lsÍu' 3' fjila fmdfyda Èk rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla f,i m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu' 4' cd;sl yd wd.ñl ;+¾h NdKav Ndú;h ms<sn| mkjd ;snQ ;yxÑ bj;a lsÍu yd Ñrd;a ld,hl isg fn!oaOhska úiska mj;ajd f.k wd wd.ñl fmryr meje;aùug wjir .ekSu' 5' fn!oaO .ïj,g fn!oaO újdy ,shdmÈxÑh i|yd fn!oaO frðiag%d¾jreka m;a lsÍu' 6' 1856 wxl 10 ork úydr foajd,.ï mk; yd .eg¿ úi|d .ekSu'

fjila ksjdvqj

ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia ,laÈjg nqÿoyu f.k wd iufha isg fmdfyda Èkh rdcH uÜgfuka ksjdvq Èkhla jYfhka iïu;j meje;s nj uQ,dY%h .%ka:fhda foia fo;s' fndÿ ckhd fufia wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla mqrd wúÉýkakj N=la;s ú¢ fmdfyda ksjdvqj" 1770 § ´,kao cd;sl fmdala kï wdKavqldrhdf.a ld,fha § wj,x.= fldg ta fjkqjg bßod Èk ksjdvq Èkhla jYfhka kS;s.; fldg ;sfí' kS;sh l=ula jQjo" fn!oaO ckhd fmdfyda Èkhka ys wd.ñl j;djka ys ksr; jQ nj b;sydih úmrï lsÍfï § m%lg fõ' fï ksid iqoaoka wm rg hg;a fldg .;a l,ays tkï n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldr iufhys 1817 wxl 5 ork wd{d mk; hgf;a fmdfyda ksjdvq Èkh wfydais fldg mdial= bßod Èkh rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a fldg ;sfí'

fï wkqj fn!oaOdrla‍Il iNdfõ b,a,Su mßÈ ´,alÜ;=ud úiska tx.,ka;hg f.k hk ,o ixfoaYfhys wka;¾.; fjila fmdfyda Èkh rcfha ksjdvq ojila l< hq;=hs" hk b,a,Su i,ld n,d Bg wkque;sh ,nd §ug ;Skaÿ úh' ta wkqj 1885 ud¾;= 27 Èk ,xldKavqfõ .eiÜ m;%fhys fjila fmdfyda Èk ñka miq rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' fuhska mS‍%;s m%fudaoHhg m;a fn!oaOdrla‍Il iNdj tu j¾Ifha t<fUk fjila mqrmif<diajl Èk w;s W;al¾Ij;a f,i meje;aùug ;SrKh fldg th ixúOdkh lsÍu ms‚i oi fofkl=f.ka iukaú;lñgqjla m;a lf<a h'

tu lñgqj fufia h'

1' mQcH yslalvqfõ iqux., kd ysñ
2'mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ud ysñ
3' fodka lfrda,sia fyajdú;drK uy;d
4' ta'mS' O¾u .=Kj¾Ok uy;d
5' ú,shï o wdfn%õ uy;d
6' iS'mS' .=Kj¾Ok uy;d
7' pd¾,ia ta' o is,ajd uy;d
8' weka' weia' m%kdkaÿ uy;d
9'mSg¾ o wdfn%õ uy;d
10' tÉ' ú,shï m%kdkaÿ uy;d

1885 j¾Ifha fjila mqrmif<diajl Èkh fh§ ;snqfKa wfma‍%,a 28 jk Èkhghs' tÈkg tiùu i|yd fn!oaO fldähla ks¾udKh l< hq;= hs' fuu Wla; lñgqfõ woyi úh' fï i|yd Bg iqÿiq fldähla ks¾udKh lsÍu ms‚i lñgq idudðlhkag mejeß‚' Tjqka úiska úúO fldä bÈßm;a lrk ,§' bÈßm;a jQ fldä iudf,dapkfhka Iâ j¾K nqoaO rYañh úoydmdk fldähla ks¾udKh fldg fn!oaO;ajh ixfla;j;a lsÍu i|yd iïu; jkakg we;ehs f;dr;=rej,ska fy<s fõ' iïu; jQ èjch ms<sn| ydmqrd lshd m%isoaO lf<a 1885 wfm%,a ui 17 Èk iriú i|/ia m;%fhks' tu jd¾;dj fufia h'

iriú i|/i j¾I 1885 la jQ wfma‍%,a ui 17 fjks isl=rdod fld<U§h

fn!oaOhka úiska Tijkakg jHjia:d lrf.k ;sfnk fldähla

i¾j{hka jykafia f,damy< jQ Èk m%ldY lrk i,l=Kla jYfhkao f.!rjhla jYfhkao nqoaO rYañfha j¾K ih m%ldYlrk fldähla tiùug fld<U jeis fn!oaOhka úiska iïu;hla lrf.k ;sfnhs" fï fldäh fï ui úiswgfjksodg meñsfKk fjiÕmqr mif<diajla Èk§ fld<U ud,s.dlkafoa msßfjfKa iy fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;u úydria:dkfhyso ;j;a fï wi, úydria:dkj,o Tijkag jHjia:dlrf.K ;sfnhs' fïl ,la Èõjeis ish¿ fn!oaOhka úiska woDYHhjk.;hq;= hym;a jevla fuhska wÕhkafka i¾j{hka jykafia Ôjudk ld,fhys Wkajykafiaf.a YÍrfhka kslauqKq kS, ^2& mS; ^3& f,days; ^4&´od; ^5& udxfcIag ^6& m%Ndiajr hk j¾K ihhs' i¾j{hka jykafia ÔjudK ld,fhys Wkajykafiaf.a flaYOd;= wd§ kS,j¾K wjhjj,ska kS, j¾Kh o oka;Od;= wd§ fYaj;j¾K jQ wjhjj,ska iqÿ meyeo hkdÈ jYfhka Iâ j¾Khk nqoaO¾Yaóka úysÿk nj fmd;am;aj, ,shd ;sfnhs' tneúka fï ih j¾K iy m%ldY lrK fldähla Wkajykafia f,damy< jQ ojfia tiùu hym;a wd¾Óhla wÕjk l%shdjls' fï jefâ l,amkd l< fn!oaOhkag ia;=;s lrñka ish¨‍u fn!oaOhka úiska fï l%shdj meje;aúh hq;= nj u;la lrïy'’

ks¾ud;D@

Iâ j¾Kfhka fyì fn!oaO èjcfha ks¾udKDjrhd ms<sn| u; fNao mj;shs' fldäh ms<sn| m%:uj;djg lreKq m%isoaO l< iriú i|/i m;%fha fyda ta ld,fha m< jQ fjk;a jd¾;djl fyda fn!oaO fldäfha ks¾ud;Djrhd ms<sn| i|yka lsÍula fkdue;' oi fofkl=f.ka iukaú; by; oela jQ fjila W;aij lñgqfõ W;=ukaf.a woyia yd ie,iqïj, ifudaOdkfhka Iâ j¾Kfhka iqieÈ fldäh ks¾udKh fldg iïu; ù we;' ta wkqj oYj¾.sl fjila W;aij lñgqjg u Iâ j¾Kfhka hq;a fn!oaO fldäfha ks¾ud;Djh ysñjkafka hehs ks.ukh lsÍu hqla;s hqla; jkafka h'

fjila W;aij lñgqfõ f,alï OQßK mQð; .=Kj¾Ok uy;d fn!oaO fldäfha ks¾ud;D jYfhka mYapd;ald,Sk f,aLkj, i|yka fõ' ta i|yd uQ,dY%h imhd we;af;a fuu fldäh ks¾udKh ù jir 43 la muK .; jQ l,a ys m< jQ ‘iqokñK’ udisl iÕrdjhs' weka' pd¾,sia uy;df.a l¾;D;ajfhka wdrïN jQ iqokñK 1928 uehs l,dmfhys fn!oaO fldähla Wjukd hhs kshu lr.;a W;=uka ieu fokdu fkdfhla wkaofï ie,eiauj,a ^ma,Eka& iemhq kuq;a" Iâ j¾K fn!oaO rYañh uq,alrf.k iS'mS' .=Kj¾Ok uy;auhd úiska idok ,o fldäh jvd iqÿiq hehs iïu; úh' hkqfjka i|yka h' fuh mdol fldg fn!oaO fldäh ms<sn| m%ldYhg m;a wdpd¾h fla'iS' Ô' úu,fiak uy;df.a ‘Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO mqkreoh’ mqia;lfh;a" ‘fjila ksjdvqj yd fn!oaO fldäh’ hk f.dakfyafka fcd;smd, ysñhkaf.a mqia;lh;a wd§ fldg we;s f,aLkhka ys fldäfha l¾;D;ajh fn!oaO mqkreofha fhdaOfhl= jQ mQð; .=Kj¾Ok iqëka hehs ks.ukh fldg we;' fu;=ud fjila W;aij lñgqfõ f,alïjrhd h' iNdjl hï lreKla ms<sn| úúO u; f.dvke.=Kq l,a ys tajd ifudaOdkh fldg iNdjg bÈßm;a lsÍu iNdfõ f,alïjrhdf.a j.lSï h' ta khska ie,l+® úg by; i|ykao fokdf.a úúO ie,iqï ifudaOdkh fldg .=Kj¾Ok uy;d Iâj¾K rYañfhka hq;a fn!oaO fldäh bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj iNd iïu; jkakg we;' ta ldre‚kau fldäfha ks¾udKh .=Kj¾Ok uy;d fj; msßkeóu fiiq idudðlhkag lrK whqla;shla úh yels h' yEf.dv fÄudkkao kdysñhka 1985 ÈkñK mqj;am;g fï ms<sn| ,smshla imhñka ‘lñgqfõ iEu flfkl=ka u fldäfha ie,eiau ms<sn| fndfyda woyia bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r" iñ;s iud.ïj, Ñrd.; iïm%odh wkqj tajd f,alïjrhdg Ndr fldg iqÿiq f,i fldäfha ie,eiqu ilia lrK f,i kshu ù we;' ta wkqj f,alï uy;d úiska Iâ j¾Kfhka hq;a fn!oaO fldäh ilia lrK ,ÿj fldñáh úiska th uekúka ms<sf.k m%ldYhg m;alr we;’ hkqfjka l¾;D;ajh ms<sn| woyia olajd we;'

fn!oaO fldäfha ks¾ud;Djrhd fykaß iaà,a ´,alÜ uy;d hehs ;j;a m%p,s; u;hls' tfy;a ta u;h lsisfia;a ms<s.; fkdyels fia u ta uy;d u iajlSh Èk fmd;a igykaj,ska ta u;h neyerj fldg ;sfí' fldäh ks¾udKh ù m%:uj;djg th Tijk úg ´,alÜ uy;d isáfha Èjhsfkka neyerj h' fn!oaOdrlaIl iNdfõ b,a,Su mßÈ 1884 ckjdß ui 27 Èk uÿrdisfha isg ,xldjg t;=ud meñ‚fha h' fn!oaOdrlaIl iNdfõ mQ¾K n, iys; ksfhdað;hd jYfhka ,smshla /f.k 1884 wfma‍%,a udifha wm rfgka msg;aj tx.,ka;hg .sfha h' kej; 1886 ckjdß ui 28 Èk meñ‚fha h' tuksid fï jk úg fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh ù m%isoaO fldg wjika h' ta wkqj fldäh ks¾udKfhys,d t;=udf.a odhl;ajhla lsisfia;a u ms<s.; fkdyels h'

1892 vd¾c,ska kqjr meje;a jQ fn!oaO iïfï,khg wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud Iâj¾K fn!oaO fldähla o /f.k .sfha h' iïfï,kh ms<sn| ‘;sfhdafidmsiaÜ’ kï iÕrdjg jd¾;djla iem hQ fykaßgd uq,¾ fukúh ´,alÜ;=ud fn!oaO fldäfha ks¾ud;D jYfhka ioyka fldg ;snq‚' th ksje/È lrñka ´,alÜ uy;d iajlsh Èk fmdf;ys ‘ ud fn!oaO fldäh ie,iqï l< nj lshk uq,¾f.a jd¾;dj jerÈhs' tys f.!rjh ysñúh hq;af;a fld<U mru ú{dkd¾: iud.fï idudðlhkaghs’ ud l< tlu foh kï yevh fjkia lsÍu fhdackd lsÍu muKhs’ hkqfjka i|yka lrhs'

´,alÜ uy;d ,xldjg meñ‚ wjia:dfõ Iâ j¾K fn!oaO fldäh oel w;sYh mS‍%;shg m;aúh' wfma mqrdK fldä wkqj hñka È.á yefâg ks¾udKh lr ;snQ fn!oaO fldäh" bx.S‍%is fldäh wkqj hñka È. m<, iu l< ke;fyd;a iDcqfldaKdi%ldrj ilia Ä,ug fhdackd l< neúka th iïu; úh' fufia iïu; jQ fldäh 1886 wfma‍%,a 9 Èk iriú i|/i m;%fha m< fldg ;sfí'

j¾K ixfhdackh

fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh ù we;af;a kS, ^ks,a& mS; ^lymdg& f,days; ^r;= mdg& Tod; ^iqÿ mdg& udxcIag ^uoáh mdg& m%Ndiajr ^ish¨‍ mdghkaf.a tl;=j& hk j¾Khkaf.ka hq;a ;Sre ihlsks' nqÿrcdKkajykafiag we;s jk w;sud;% mS‍%;s iy.; wjia:djkays nqÿ isreßka ijkla /ia úysfohs' tu /ia mokï fldg by; i|yka j¾K fyj;a mdg Ndú;d fldg we;' tu ksid fn!oaO fldäfhka ms<sìUq jkafka nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a isrefrka kslauqK rYañ ud,d h'

nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a YÍrfhka m%:u j;djg /ia úysÿfka isõjk i;sfha rejka f.hs jev jiñka iqúis m%;Hh fufkys lroa§ h' wNsO¾u msglhg wh;a Oïuix.ŒmamlrK .%ka:fha wgqjdj jk w;a:id,sks kï jQ Oïuix.ŒmamlrKÜG l:dj nqoaO rYañh ms<sn| i|yka jk mer‚u uQ,dY%h fõ' tys ^1940 ixialrKh l< fyajdú;drK wgqjd fmf<ys& 11 jk msgqfjys fufia i|yka fõ tkï"

i;a:q tjx ,oafOdldfik iín[aû; [dfKk h:d iqLx iKay iqLqu Oïux iïuika;iai iÍrf;d kS, mS; f,dysf;dod; u[afcÜGmNiair jfik PínKaK riañfhd kslaLñxiq’ tys w¾:h kï" fufia Ydia;Dka jykafia ,o wjldYfhka i¾j{;d {dkfhka b;d ishqï jQ O¾uh iqj fia úuid n,;au Wkajykafiaf.a YÍrfhka kS," mS;" f,days;" ´od;" udxfcIaG - m%Ndiajr jYfhka ih jeoEreï rYañ kslauqK y'

nqoaO YÍrfha ta ta ia:dkhkaf.ka tkï flia iy fka;%hkays kS, ia:dkhkaf.ka ks,ajka rYaóyq o YÍr isúfhka o fka;%hka ys rkajka ia:dkhkaf.ka o" lyjka rYañyQ o" udxY f,days;hka f.ka o" fka;%hkaf.a rla; ia:dkhkaf.ka o rla; j¾K rYaóyq o" wiaÓkaf.ka o" oka;hkaf.ka o" fka;%hkays iqÿ ia:dkhkaf.ka o Yafõ;j¾K rYaóyq o" uoáh jka jQ o"" m%Ndiajrjka o"" rYaóyq YÍrfha ta ta m%foaYhkaf.kao kslauqK y' hkqfjka §¾> úia;rhla tys wka;¾.; fõ'

f,dal fn!oaO b;sydifha m%:u j;djg 1885 wfma‍%,a ui 28 jk Èkg fhÈ ;snQ fjila mqrmif,diajl Èkfha § Iâj¾Kfhka hq;a fn!oaO fldä fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;drdu úydria:dkh" ud,s.dlkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjK" fld<U yqKqmsáfha .x.drduh" le,‚ rcuy úydrh" fld<U mru ú{dkd¾: fn!oaO ix.ï uQ,ia:dkh hk ia:dkhkays § Tijk ,§' ft;sydisl jQ W;aijh meje;ajQ wkaou ms<sn| §¾> jd¾;djla 1885 uehs 1 Èk iriú i|/ia mqj; mf;ys ‘fjila ui mqr mif,diajla Èk iy l¾k,a tÉ' weia' ´,alÜ ;=ud’ hk ysiska m< úh' thska Wmqgd .;a fldgia lSysmhla fufia h'

l,ska m%ldY lr ;snqKq mßoafoka fjiÕ mqr mif<diajla oji jQ .sh ui úis wg fjksod i¾j{hka jykafia f,da my< jQ Èk i,ld wdKavqfõ ish¿u Widú lÉfÉß wdÈh jid oud ksjdvq ojila lrk ,oafoahs'

i¾j{ hka jykafia f,da my< jQ fuu mqr mif<diajl Èk fldhs ld,j,;a fn!oaOhska úiska mdm l%shdj,ska ÿrej úúO mqKH l%shdj, fhfok ojils' kuq;a fï miq.sh fjilamqr mif<diajla oji wdKavqj úiska ksjdvq Èkhla l< neúka ta mS‍%;sh lrK fldg f.k w;sYhska u ,laÈj kdkdÈ.aNd. jdiS fn!oaOhka úiska fkdfhla mqKHl¾u lsÍfuka yd uy;a mS‍%;sfhka l,a.; l< nj oek .;suq'’

fld<U mruú{dkd¾: fn!oaO iud.fï idudðlhska úiska l,ska jHjia:d lrf.k fï m;% ud¾.fhka m%ldY l< Iâj¾K i¾j{ rYañh m%ldY lrk fldäh fld<U úfoHdaoh msßfjfKys o fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;u úydria:dkfhys o fnd/,a, yqKqmsáh wd§ fld<U msysá wkH úydria:dj, o" le,‚ úydrh wd§ ia:dkj, o ufkdyr f,i Tijk ,oafoa hs' fld<U mruú{dkd¾: fn!oaO iNd Yd,dfõ§ fldähla k.k ,§'

fnd/,af,a mgka úis;=re fm<yrla fldgfyafka §mÿ;a; úydrhg f.khk ,oafoa hs' mxÑldj;af;a mgka fnd/,af,a mkai,g fm<yrla f.k hk ,oafoa hs' fldïm[a[ ùÈfha isg fm<yrla úfoHdaoh msßfjKg f.khk ,oafoa hs' ¨‍Kq fmdl=K m<df;a isgka fldgfyakg fm<yrla f.k hk ,§'

‘rd;%S Nd.fha fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;drdu úydria:dkfhys fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao iajdóka jykafia úiska O¾u foaYkdjla lrk ,oafoa hs' isoaOd¾: l=udrhdKkaf.a Wmam;a;sh iy fï ksjdvq oji iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq fï foaYkdfõ i|yka úh' oji uq¿,af,a u úfoHdaoh msßfjfKa O¾u foaYkd mj;ajk ,§' rd;%S Nd.fhys § ismalvqfõ kdhl iajdókajykafia isoaOd¾: f.!;u l=udrhdKka f,da my< jQ wdldr" i¾j{ mo m%dma; jQ wdldr wdÈh m%ldY lrk O¾u foaYkdjla lf<a h'

m%ñ;sh

wm rfÜ § ks¾udKh ù Ndú;hg m;a fn!oaO fldäh 1956 j¾Ifha fld<U § meje;a jQ f,dal fn!oaO ix.ufha wdrïNl /iaùfï § f,dal fn!oaO m%cdjf.a u fldäh jYfhka talPkaofhka iïu; úh' 1987 § m%ñ;s .; jQ flgqïmf;ys iïu; jQ fn!oaO fldäh wka;¾cd;sl fldähla jYfhka Oc úfYaI{hka úiska wkqu; lrk ,§'

‘fn!oaO fldäh ms<sn| Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s msßú;r’ flgqï mf;ys fldäfha ie<iqu oelafjkafka fufiah'

3'1 fldäfha yev iDcqfldaKdi%dldr úh hq;= h'

3'2 fldäfha m<, yd È. w;r wkqmd;h 2'3 úh hq;= h' È. ueksh hq;af;a fldäh tiùug fhdod we;s fldmqj we;=<;a fkdjk f,i h' fldäj, m%udK i|yd ks¾foaYs; udk iuyrla ‘wd’ mßYsIaGfha § ;sfí'

3'3 fldäh" iudk isria ;Sre yhlska úh hq;= h' fldäh Tijk fl<jf¾ isg ms<sfj, úh hq;af;a kS, } ks,a" mS; } ly" f,days; } r;=" Tod; } iqÿ iy udxfcHIaG } r;= ñY% ly hkqfjks' m%Ndiajr f,i ye¢kafjk yh jk ;Srefjys fuu j¾K my ;sriaj tlla hg tlla msysgk fia iudk m%udKj,ska fuu ms<sfj<g u ;sìh hq;= w;r ks,a j¾Kh Wv fl<jfrka ;sìh hq;= h'

4'1 mshú weiska mÍlaId l< úg fldäfha j¾K yd ukafi,a l%ufhka olajd we;s 1 jk j.=fõ i|yka wod, j¾K w;r oDYHudk jk fjkila fkd;sìh hq;= h'

4'2 fldäfha j¾K ms<sn| u; fNaohla we;s jqk wjia:djl È th j¾K uksk WmlrKhla Ndú;fhka ks¾Kh l< hq;= h'

5'0 ks¾udKh

5'1 odr" ;Sre tl;= lr ueiSu yd fldmqj ueiSu wd§ hka;% u.ska isÿ lrk ish¨‍ ueiSï i|yd w.=,a ueiau fhÈh hq;=h' ñ,sóg¾ 10 l ;sìh hq;= ueyqï .Kk 4lg jvd fkd wvq úh hq;=h'

5'2 fldäfha ks,a isria ;Srej we;s me;af;a fldmqjla uid ;sìh hq;= h' fuu fldmqfjys m<, isria ;srejl m<,ska ;=fkka mx.=jla fkdblau úh hq;=h'

5'3 t<suyka Ndú;h i|yd ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk fldäj, fldmqj fofl<jr .sßjr folla ^fldäh Tijkakg r|jk fldgia & ;sìh hq;= h' u, fkdnefËk øjHhlska .sßjrh iEÈh hq;=h'

f;d. jYfhka ksIamdokh lrk wjia:dj,§ Ndú;d l%ufõo wdÈh fuys i|yka fldg ;sfí'

‘fn!oaO fldäh ms<sn|j Y%S‍% ,xld m%ñ;s msßú;rfhys’ o w;HjYHu idOlhla jQ fn!oaO fldäfha Ndú;h ms<sn| lsisÿ i|ykla fkdue;' tu ksid ta wd§ lreKq ixfYdaOk lr kej; flgqïm;a lsÍug ld,h t<U we;'
Wmqgd .ekSu ( nqÿirK mqj;am;'

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